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Irizflick Media > Blog > Science > Capturing the beginning of galaxy rotation in the early Universe
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Capturing the beginning of galaxy rotation in the early Universe

irizflick
irizflick 07/03/2022 96 Views
Updated 2022/07/03 at 4:03 PM
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As tele­scopes became more advanced and pow­er­ful, astronomers were able to dis­cov­er more and more dis­tant galax­ies. These are some of the ear­li­est galax­ies to form in our uni­verse, which began mov­ing away from us as the uni­verse expand­ed. The greater the dis­tance, the faster a galaxy appears to be reced­ing from us. Inter­est­ing­ly, we can esti­mate how fast a galaxy is mov­ing and when it formed based on how “red­shift­ed” its emis­sion appears. This is sim­i­lar to a phe­nom­e­non called the “Doppler effect,” where objects mov­ing away from an observ­er emit light that appears shift­ed to longer wave­lengths (hence the term “red­shift”).

The Ata­ca­ma Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) tele­scope in the mid­dle of the Ata­ca­ma Desert in Chile is par­tic­u­lar­ly well suit­ed to observ­ing such red­shifts in galaxy emis­sions. Recent­ly, a team of inter­na­tion­al researchers, includ­ing Pro­fes­sor Akio Inoue and PhD stu­dent Tsuyoshi Tokuo­ka from Wase­da Uni­ver­si­ty, Japan, Dr. Takuya Hashimo­to from the Uni­ver­si­ty of Tsuku­ba, Japan, Pro­fes­sor Richard S. Ellis from Uni­ver­si­ty Col­lege Lon­don and Dr. Nico­las Laporte, a research fel­low at the Uni­ver­si­ty of Cam­bridge, UK, has observed red­shift emis­sions from a dis­tant galaxy, MACS1149-JD1 (here­after JD1), which has led her to some inter­est­ing conclusions.

“In addi­tion to find­ing high red­shift, name­ly very dis­tant galax­ies, study­ing their inner motion of gas and stars is a moti­va­tion to under­stand the process of galaxy for­ma­tion in the ear­li­est pos­si­ble uni­verse,” explains Ellis. The results of their study were pub­lished in The Let­ters of the Astro­phys­i­cal Jour­nal.

Galaxy for­ma­tion begins with the accu­mu­la­tion of gas and con­tin­ues with the for­ma­tion of stars from that gas. Over time, star for­ma­tion pro­gress­es out­ward from the cen­ter, a galac­tic disc devel­ops, and the galaxy takes on a spe­cif­ic shape. As star for­ma­tion con­tin­ues, new­er stars form in the rotat­ing disk while old­er stars remain in the cen­tral por­tion. By study­ing the age of stel­lar objects and the move­ment of stars and gas in the galaxy, it is pos­si­ble to deter­mine the evo­lu­tion­ary stage of the galaxy.

In a series of obser­va­tions over a two-month peri­od, the astronomers suc­cess­ful­ly mea­sured small dif­fer­ences in “red­shift” from posi­tion to posi­tion with­in the galaxy and found that JD1 meets the cri­te­ri­on for a rota­tion­al­ly dom­i­nat­ed galaxy. Next, they mod­eled the galaxy as a rotat­ing disk and found that it repro­duced the obser­va­tions very well. The cal­cu­lat­ed rota­tion speed was about 50 kilo­me­ters per sec­ond, which was com­pared to the rota­tion speed of the Milky Way disk of 220 kilo­me­ters per sec­ond. The team also mea­sured JD1’s diam­e­ter at just 3,000 light-years, much small­er than that of the Milky Way at 100,000 light-years across.

The sig­nif­i­cance of their find­ing is that JD1 is by far the most dis­tant, and there­fore ear­li­est, source found to date show­ing a rotat­ing disk of gas and stars. This, com­bined with sim­i­lar mea­sure­ments of clos­er sys­tems in the research lit­er­a­ture, has allowed the team to describe the grad­ual evo­lu­tion of rotat­ing galax­ies over more than 95% of our cos­mic history.

In addi­tion, the mass esti­mat­ed from the galaxy’s spin rate was con­sis­tent with the stel­lar mass pre­vi­ous­ly esti­mat­ed from the galaxy’s spec­tral sig­na­ture and came most­ly from “mature” stars that formed about 300 mil­lion years ago. “This shows that the stel­lar pop­u­la­tion in JD1 formed at an even ear­li­er epoch in the cos­mic age,” says Hashimoto.

“The spin rate of JD1 is much slow­er than in galax­ies of lat­er epochs and in our galaxy, and it is like­ly that JD1 is in an ear­ly stage of devel­op­ing a spin motion,” says Inoue. Using the recent­ly launched James Webb Space Tele­scope, astronomers now plan to iden­ti­fy the loca­tions of young and old­er stars in the galaxy to ver­i­fy and update their galaxy for­ma­tion scenario.

New dis­cov­er­ies are cer­tain­ly on the horizon!

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TAGGED: beginning, Capturing, early, galaxy, rotation, universe
irizflick 07/03/2022
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