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Reading: Researchers have developed a new method to predict some of the universe’s most catastrophic mergers. The oceans of highly charged particles that surround them
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Irizflick Media > Blog > Science > Researchers have developed a new method to predict some of the universe’s most catastrophic mergers. The oceans of highly charged particles that surround them
Science

Researchers have developed a new method to predict some of the universe’s most catastrophic mergers. The oceans of highly charged particles that surround them

irizflick
irizflick 07/01/2022 80 Views
Updated 2022/07/02 at 10:22 AM
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Researchers have devel­oped a new method to pre­dict some of the uni­verse’s most cat­a­stroph­ic mergers.

The oceans of high­ly charged par­ti­cles sur­round­ing neu­tron stars can expe­ri­ence tidal waves as the incred­i­bly dense cores of neu­tron stars spi­ral toward each oth­er or into a black hole. The researchers dis­cov­ered that these tidal waves man­i­fest them­selves as reg­u­lar flash­es of elec­tro­mag­net­ic radi­a­tion, which can act as an ear­ly warn­ing sys­tem for approach­ing fusions.

Neu­tron stars are arguably the most extreme objects in the uni­verse. Yes, black holes might be more exot­ic, but they’re rel­a­tive­ly sim­ple — they’re just very, very much grav­i­ty. In con­trast, neu­tron stars are essen­tial­ly gigan­tic atom­ic nuclei, and that brings with it a lot of inter­est­ing, com­plex physics that black holes can’t share.

A typ­i­cal neu­tron star is only a few kilo­me­ters across but can weigh a few solar mass­es. They con­sist almost entire­ly of neu­trons (hence the name), but con­tain pop­u­la­tions of loose elec­trons, pro­tons, and ions from heavy nuclei. They are born from super­novas — explo­sions of dying mas­sive stars — and some can har­bor the strongest mag­net­ic fields in the entire universe.

The out­er crust of a neu­tron star is thought to be made up of super­flu­id elec­trons and neu­trons, which give way to a crys­tal lat­tice the clos­er you get to the sur­face. Final­ly, there is an ocean — a lay­er of liq­uid elec­trons, neu­trons and ions at a depth of 10 to 100 meters (33 to 330 feet).

The inte­ri­ors of neu­tron stars are the most mys­te­ri­ous, as the pres­sures and den­si­ties are so extreme that they exceed our cur­rent phys­i­cal knowl­edge. Some mod­els sug­gest that the nuclei are sim­ply a homo­ge­neous clump of neu­trons, while oth­ers sug­gest that the neu­trons them­selves decay into their con­stituent quarks. Beyond the inner core lies a sol­id, smooth neu­tron mass that slow­ly tran­si­tions into more com­plex pat­terns, such as clumps and strands, col­lec­tive­ly known as core noodles.

Observ­ing the exot­ic behav­ior of neu­tron stars

The extreme­ly exot­ic nature of mat­ter under these conditions—superfluid neu­trons are not usu­al­ly found just lying around—makes neu­tron stars prime can­di­dates for the study of extreme physics. This idea has been improved since the dis­cov­ery of GW 170817, a grav­i­ta­tion­al-wave sig­nal detect­ed along with elec­tro­mag­net­ic emis­sion from two merg­ing neu­tron stars. Joint detec­tion, called mul­ti­mes­sen­ger astron­o­my, allows physi­cists to study the hearts of neu­tron stars like nev­er before.

But we haven’t seen any oth­er neu­tron star merg­er events since that first grav­i­ta­tion­al-wave detec­tion in 2017 — which is frus­trat­ing because neu­tron stars are among nature’s best lab­o­ra­to­ries for test­ing high-ener­gy physics.

But now, a new way of observ­ing the exot­ic behav­ior of neu­tron stars could mean we don’t have to wait much longer. The new work, pub­lished in the arX­iv preprint data­base in May, focus­es on the oceans of neu­tron stars, which can con­tain car­bon, oxy­gen and iron in addi­tion to free elec­trons and neu­trons. Although the oceans are rel­a­tive­ly shal­low com­pared to the neu­tron star’s over­all depth, they are the out­er­most lay­er (with­out an incred­i­bly thin “atmos­phere”) and the part of the neu­tron star that is most eas­i­ly respon­sive to the out­er uni­verse. In par­tic­u­lar, the researchers found that these shal­low oceans can sup­port tides, just like oceans on Earth. But rais­ing a tide on a neu­tron star requires a lot more grav­i­ta­tion­al force to over­come all that extreme grav­i­ty. Tides on neu­tron stars only occur when the neu­tron star is close enough to a mas­sive, dense object, like anoth­er neu­tron star or a black hole.

For­tu­nate­ly, these types of bina­ry pairs are rel­a­tive­ly com­mon, as stars tend to form in mul­ti­ple sys­tems and then go through their life cycles, even­tu­al­ly leav­ing black hole/neutron star com­bi­na­tions in their wake. Exot­ic lighthouses.

When a neu­tron star begins merg­ing with anoth­er neu­tron star or a black hole, the objects spend a few years slow­ly spi­ral­ing towards each oth­er. As they orbit, grav­i­ta­tion­al waves car­ry ener­gy away from the sys­tem, pulling the pair clos­er. Final­ly, in the final moments, the fusion is over in a mat­ter of seconds.

But before that hap­pens, the orbit­ing com­pan­ion can cre­ate a series of res­o­nance tides on the neu­tron star. These tides can sus­tain fre­quen­cies up to 100 mega­hertz and car­ry up to a whop­ping 10^29 joules of ener­gy. To give you a sense of how awe­some this num­ber is, all of human­i­ty uses just 10^20 joules each year. A sin­gle res­o­nant tidal wave from a neu­tron star has more ener­gy than the total out­put of the Sun shin­ing for 10,000 years. Unlike ocean waves, these tides are made up of an ocean of plas­ma. The extreme elec­tri­cal charges mean that as the tides slosh about, they can emit intense bursts of elec­tro­mag­net­ic radi­a­tion that can appear to us as flash­es of X‑rays and gam­ma rays.

Based on their cal­cu­la­tions, the researchers esti­mate that space-based obser­va­to­ries such as the Fer­mi Gam­ma-ray Space Tele­scope and the Nuclear Spec­tro­scop­ic Tele­scope Array (NuS­TAR) may detect a hand­ful of neu­tron star spi­rals each year, and that these sig­nals will appear up to a few years before the even­tu­al merg­er . With this kind of warn­ing, astronomers can pre­pare their tele­scopes and obser­va­to­ries ready to catch the moment of the merg­er itself and dig into even more valu­able elec­tro­mag­net­ic and grav­i­ta­tion­al-wave data.

Sum­ma­ry of the news:

  • Tidal flash­es from neu­tron stars can sig­nal approach­ing mergers

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TAGGED: catastrophic, charged, developed, highly, mergers, method, oceans, particles, predict, Researchers, surround, universes
irizflick 07/01/2022
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